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Insulating materials are materials used to isolate conductive parts of different potentials. Its electrical conductivity is about 10-10 S/m or less. The insulating materials mentioned in this article are electrical insulating materials. According to the national standard GB2900.5, the definition of insulating material is: "material used to electrically insulate devices". That is, a material that can prevent the passage of electric current. Its resistivity is very high, usually in the range of 10^9～10^22Ω·m. For example, in a motor, the insulating material around the conductor isolates the turns and the grounded stator core to ensure the safe operation of the motor.

Types of insulating materials: can be divided into three categories: gas, liquid, and solid. Commonly used gas insulating materials include air, nitrogen, and sulfur hexafluoride insulating PC film.

Liquid insulating materials mainly include mineral insulating oil and synthetic insulating oil (silicone oil, dodecylbenzene, polyisobutylene, isopropyl biphenyl, diarylethane, etc.).

Solid insulating materials can be divided into two types: organic and inorganic. Organic solid insulating materials include insulating paint, insulating glue, insulating paper, insulating fiber products, plastics, rubber, varnished cloth paint pipes and insulating impregnated fiber products, electrical films, composite products and adhesive tapes, and electrical laminates. Inorganic solid insulating materials mainly include mica, glass, ceramics and their products. In contrast, the variety of solid insulating materials is the most important.

The macroscopic properties of insulating materials such as electrical properties, thermal properties, mechanical properties, chemical resistance, climate change resistance, and corrosion resistance are closely related to its chemical composition and molecular structure.

Inorganic solid insulating materials are mainly composed of silicon, boron and a variety of metal oxides, with ionic structure as the main feature. The main feature is high heat resistance. The working temperature is generally greater than 180 ℃, good stability, atmospheric aging resistance, and Good chemical properties and long-term aging performance under the action of electric field; but high brittleness, low impact resistance, high pressure resistance and low tensile strength; poor manufacturability.

Organic materials are generally polymers with an average molecular weight between 104 and 106, and their heat resistance is generally lower than that of inorganic materials. The heat resistance of materials containing aromatic rings, heterocycles and elements such as silicon, titanium and fluorine is higher than that of general linear polymer materials.

Therefore, insulating materials do not refer to materials that are absolutely non-conductive, but materials that can play an insulating role under certain conditions.